The Ethereum blockchain needs layer 2 systems to help deal with its lshortcomings on cost and throughput,r though those same scaling products could leech revenue from the network as they become lcompetitive rather than complementary,r crypto exchange Coinbase (COIN) said in a research report Monday.

lIt's feasible that layer 2s could become the application layers hosting the bulk of economic activity while Ethereum exists exclusively to store transaction data,r David Duong, head of institutional research at Coinbase, wrote in the report.

A layer 1 network is the base layer, or the underlying infrastructure of a blockchain. Layer 2 refers to a set of off-chain systems or separate blockchains built on top of layer 1s. A decentralized application (dapp) is a digital app that uses blockchain technology to keep usersr data out of the hands of the organizations behind it.

The future of layer 2s could be a lzero-sum gamer because the layer 2 that houses the majority of dapps could lpower the entirety of the Ethereum ecosystem,r the report said. There is about $68.9 billion in total value locked on Ethereum, compared with $5.2 billion across layer 2s, the report said.

While the TVL in layer 2s is relatively small, the implementation of zero knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines (zkEVM) is looking more achievable and could lead to lmajor tractionr in layer 2 growth, the note said.

Coinbase says that if more user activity moves to layer 2s and those blockchains need their own tokens to enable transactions, that could reduce the staking yields to Ethereum validators , cutting their revenue. That could reduce staking on the platform and increase the amount of ether (ETH) circulating, potentially damaging the cryptocurrencyrs price. A decline in validators could also have a negative impact on the overall security of the network, the report said.

For the time being, transacting on Ethereum's main network will provide a solution for users who need or value lsecurity over speed,r the report said, noting that losses on cross-chain bridge exploits have reached $2 billion this year.

More activity accumulating to an application on layer 2 would reduce congestion and fees on the layer 1 and that could result in better price discovery for ETH, the note said.

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